EIACP Centre on Plants and Pollution

The protection of air from pollution is one of the basic principles of sustainable development, and this article analyzes the joint impact of various types of agricultural production and traffic on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The goal of this research is the development of a new methodology for assessing the combined impact of different types of agricultural production, traffic load, and traffic flow structure on the emission of nitrogen oxides. For the analysis of the joint impact of traffic and agricultural production, a new impact assessment methodology was developed, which is based on two................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041448

The current rise in the prevalence of allergies to aeroallergens is incompletely understood and attributed to interactions with environmental changes and lifestyle changes. Environmental nitrogen pollution might be a potential driver of this increasing prevalence. While the ecological impact of excessive nitrogen pollution has been widely studied and is relatively well understood, its indirect effect on human allergies is not well documented. Nitrogen pollution can affect the environment in various ways, including air, soil, and water. We aim to provide..........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164801

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are among the most widely emitted pollutants in the world, yet their impacts on agriculture remain poorly known. NOx can directly damage crop cells and indirectly affect growth by promoting ozone (O3) and aerosol formation. We use satellite measures of both crop greenness and NOx during 2018–2020 to evaluate crop impacts for five major agricultural regions. We find consistent negative associations between NO2 and greenness across regions..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm9909

The knowledge of pollen sensitivity and tolerance to stress factors such as air pollution is important for forest sustainability, ensuring the most efficient production with the highest benefits and lowest resource losses. This study intended to evaluate the influence of common air pollutants in four forest trees species, Betula pendula Roth, Corylus avellana L............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010088

One of our era's greatest scourges is air pollution, on account not only of its impact on climate change but also its impact on public and individual health due to increasing morbidity and mortality. There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Particulate Matter (PM), particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. Despite the fact that ozone in the stratosphere plays a protective role against ultraviolet irradiation, it is harmful when in high concentration at ground level, also affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular system..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2020.00014

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at a high concentration is among the most common and harmful air pollutants. The present study aimed to explore the physiological responses of plants exposed to NO2. A total of 41 plants were classified into 13 functional groups according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification system. The plants were exposed to 6 µL/L NO2 in an open-top glass chamber. The physiological parameters (chlorophyll (Chl) content, peroxidase (POD) activity, and soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations) and leaf mineral ion contents (nitrogen (N+ ), phosphorus (P+), potassium (K+)..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants8020045

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is one type of the atmospheric nitrogen oxides, which is the main component of atmospheric aerosol particles. Reducing the concentration of atmospheric NO₂ can decrease the haze in the air. Atmospheric NO₂ deposits on plant leaves by both dry and wet deposition. After leaf absorption, atmospheric NO₂ was reduced by two metabolism ways: one was the nitrogen metabolism by reductase mainly in cytoplasm and chloroplast, and the other was the pathway of NO₂ decomposition.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201901.028

Irrigation of food and fiber crops worldwide continues to increase. Nitrogen (N) from fertilizers is a major source of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O) in irrigated cropping systems. Nitrous oxide emissions data are scarce for crops in the arid western United States. The objective of these studies was to assess the effect of N fertilizer management on N₂O emissions from furrow-irrigated, overhead sprinkler-irrigated, and subsurface drip-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Maricopa, AZ, on Trix and Casa Grande sandy clay loam soils. Soil test- and canopyreflectance-based N fertilizer..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2017.10.0389

Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas associated with global climate change. Turfgrasses emit N₂O when fertilized with N and irrigated. The development of management practices such as use of controlled-release N fertilizers and/or deficit irrigation may reduce N₂O emissions in turf soils. The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the magnitude and patterns of N₂O emissions in turfgrass, and (ii) to determine how irrigation and N fertilization may be managed to reduce N₂O fluxes. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured for 2 yr in ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.).................read more.

Annual CH₄ and N₂O emissions from these rice production systems that accounts for over 10% of national rice cultivation of China are rarely reported. To improve understanding of greenhouse gas emissions from croplands in China, we measured methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the subtropical permanently flooded rice paddy fields through a 3-year field experiment that utilized three nitrogen fertilizer application rates (0 [N0], 150 [N150] and 250 [N250] kg N ha⁻¹) in southwestern China. Results showed that seasonal patterns of CH₄ and N₂O emissions were consistent with temporal weather patterns. The average annual cumulative CH₄ fluxes were in the range of 794 to 883 kg CH₄-C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and N₂O fluxes ranged from.................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.12.265

Substitution of conventional mineral fertilizers with organic sources can avoid the environmental problems associated with high concentrations of intensive livestock production in some Mediterranean areas. Some management practices, such as the use of nitrification inhibitors or more efficient irrigation techniques (e.g., drip irrigation), have been suggested as effective alternatives to mitigate nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions released from soils amended with synthetic and organic fertilizers. In this experiment, we aimed to assess the effect of different organic amendments derived from pig manure (control without N fertilization (C); liquid fraction of pig slurry (LFPS); pig urine with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4 dimethylpyrazolephosphate (DMPP) (LFPSI)..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.09.022

Intensive vegetable production exhibits contrasting characteristics of high nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). In an effort to mitigate N₂O emissions and improve NUE, a field experiment with nine consecutive vegetable crops was designed to study the combined effects of nitrogen (N) and biochar amendment and their interaction on soil properties, N₂O emission and NUE in an intensified vegetable field in southeastern China. We found that N application significantly increased N₂O emissions, N₂O–N emission factors and yield‐scaled N₂O emissions by 51–159%, 9–125% and 14–131%, respectively. Moreover, high N input.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12356

Smog is a form of extreme air pollution which comprises of gases such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen and carbon oxides, and solid particles including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Different types of smog include acidic, photochemical, and Polish. Smog and its constituents are hazardous to human, animals, and plants. Smog leads to plethora of morbidities such as cancer, endocrine disruption, and respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. Smog components alter the activity of various hormones including thyroid, pituitary, gonads and adrenal hormones by altering regulatory genes, oxidation status and...............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1294205

A study was undertaken in order to investigate the effects of SO2 (25, 50, and 75 ppb) exposure for five hours on alternate days for three months on the susceptibility of five cucurbits to the infection of Meloidogyne incognita, causing root-knot disease. Four-week-old cucurbit plants were inoculated with 2000 J2 of M. incognita. SO2 levels of 50 and 75 ppb caused noticeable injury to foliage and reduced the plant growth parameters and biomass production of cucurbits (p ≤ 0.05). Nematode-inoculated plants caused characteristic oval, fleshy and large galls................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040334

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a common air pollutant that has multiple effects on plants. In the present study, the improvement of drought tolerance in Arabidopsis plants by SO2 fumigation was investigated. The results showed that pre-exposure to 30 mg/ m3 SO2 for 72 h could reduce water loss, stomatal conductance (Gs) and the transpiration rate (Tr) but increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), water use efficiency (iWUE) and photosynthetic pigment contents under drought conditions. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were significantly increased, while the contents....................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-022-02530-w

Although air pollution usually leads to a reduction in the overall growth and development of plants, its effects on leaf demography have not been well examined so far. The present study was designed to highlight the capability of the demographic approach, together with traditional growth and other leaf trait analyses, to assess the impact of air pollution on vegetation by exposing plants of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) to a long-term gradient of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppb, for 45 consecutive days). This study shows that (i) alfalfa plants tolerated only the lower SO₂ concentration..................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.10.006

To explore the toxicity and action mechanism of acute sulfur dioxide (SO₂) on urban landscape plants, a simulated SO₂ stress environment by using fumigation chamber involving increasing SO₂ concentration (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg m⁻³ ) was carried out among three species. After 72 h of exposure, SO₂-induced oxidative damage indicated by electrolyte leakage increased with higher dose of SO₂. Meanwhile, SO₂ decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid and increased the contents of sulfur. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased as a result of stomatal closure when SO₂ dose was lower than 50 mg m⁻³.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.064

In the present study an attempt was been made to assess the air pollution effect on micro smorphological and biochemical parameters of Pentas lanceolata and Cassia siamea. There was a decrease in number of stomata in P. lanceolata of the polluted site compared to control but in C. siamea numbers of stomata were increased in the polluted area when compared to control. The number of clogged stomata was less in control area samples when compared to polluted sample. A number of epidermal cells in C. siamea of polluted and control sites showed a significant difference. Stomatal index of both species was found to be reduced in polluted site when compared to control. Leaf surface area in both the plant species decreased from control to..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2018.v5.i2.027

The use of air quality monitoring stations is expensive, with pollution data being either unavailable or inaccessible. Hence, effects of atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO₂) levels on biomarkers related to environmental stress were investigated for Trichiliadregeana tree leaves, in order to assess their bioindicator potential. Leaves were sampled randomly from trees at three industrial sites within the South Durban Basin, and an ex situ control, across two seasons (n = 28, per season). Ground-level SO₂ concentrations were measured daily and ranged between 1 and 25 ppb. There were significant (p < 0.001) differences across sites and seasons for leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content. Partial.................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2016.1231627

Air pollutants are emitted from various sources into the atmosphere. During winter, greenhouses are heated by the burning of fuel in heating systems, which creates sulfur dioxide (SO₂) that can be detrimental to plant growth and human health. However, there is a poor understanding of the comprehensive effects of SO₂ on crops in a greenhouse environment. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the impacts of greenhouse heating system-derived SO₂ on the physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses of plants. In general, plant SO₂ exposure has a negative effect on these processes. An initial decline in physiological activities appears several.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-017-0053-0

In the present scenario of rising SO₂ in the atmosphere, the negative impact of this obnoxious gas on the plants is among major concerns in the field of agriculture and crop protection. From the scientific research conducted so far, it has been established that the main toxic effect of SO₂ on plant system is exerted by the resulting oxidative stress and generation of sulphite ions. Prominent adverse effect is observed on the overall plant growth and health, Photosynthetic efficiency and produce turn over. On the other hand, plant defence mechanism tries to counter the stress either by inhibiting the entry of the gas by or by............read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/IARJSET.2017.4752

Cotton is planted worldwide as a “cash crop” providing us fiber, edible oil, and animal feed as well. In this review, we presented a contemporary synthesis of the existing data regarding the importance of nitrogen application and tillage system on cotton growth and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Cotton growth and development are greatly influenced by nitrogen (N); therefore, proper N application is important in this context. Tillage system also influences cottonseed yield. Conservation tillage shows more promising results as compared to the conventional tillage in the context of cotton growth and GHG emission. Moreover, the research...............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7894-4

Due to the increasing evidence of widespread sub-micron pollutants in the atmosphere, the impact of airborne nanoparticles is a subject of great relevance. In particular, the smallest particles are considered the most active and dangerous, having a higher surface/volume ratio. Here we tested the effect of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (IONPs) with different mean diameter and size distribution on the model plant Tillandsia usneoides. Strands were placed in home-built closed boxes and exposed to levels of airborne IONPs reported for the roadside air, i.e. in the order of 107 - 108 items m−2. Plant growth and other.................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141765

The study assessed the efficiency of three distinct ecological system configurations for removing iron from an aqueous medium. Three systems were designed for the treatment of Fe at concentration of 3 mg/l: TS-1 (using graphite electrode with an applied electric potential of 12 V), TS-2 (using Eichhornia crassipes, an aquatic plant species), and TS-3 (using both Eichhornia crassipes and graphite electrode). During the treatment period of 96 h, TS-1 performed the best in pollutant removal, followed by TS-2 and TS-3. Fe removal ranged from 14 to 99%, NH4+-N reduction ranged.............read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-024-04929-3

Soil salinity and Fe deficiency affect plant growth and survival by changing nutrient availability and disrupting water balance. Natural and human activities, such as evaporation and deforestation, can intensify these soil conditions. Taurine, a novel growth regulator, holds promise in mediating plant defense responses. Its effects on defense responses are still unclear. Previously, taurine showed potential in improving clover tolerance to alkaline stress and manganese toxicity. Taurine impact on plant growth under Fe deficiency and salinity stress remains uninvestigated. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of taurine on pea plant growth, ion uptake, and defense strategies in response to salt stress and Fe deficiency. Iron deficiency was established by substituting 0.1 mM FeSO4........................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115448

Calcareous soils are known for their nutritional disorders due to the insoluble form of iron that limits free Fe availability for crops. However, it is well established that organic fertilization improves the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil and can mitigate nutrient deficiency. According to this approach, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on four pearl millet genotypes cultivated on calcareous soil added with an increasing concentration of animal compost as a sustainable approach to mitigate lime-induced Fe deficiency and propose an organic farming system. Fe mobility in the soil-plant system, plant growth, chlorophyll, and photosynthesis were analyzed............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2023.100139

Improper disposal of heavy metal-contaminated iron ore tailings poses a significant risk to the surrounding environments. Adding compost and growing ryegrass could be a cost-effective long-term solution for remediation of iron ore tailings. We conducted a glasshouse study to investigate the impact of compost amendment (0, 50, 75 and 100% w/w) on growth and accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn) and As in shoots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in two iron ore tailings (Christmas Creek and Solomon mines, Pilbara, Western Australia). Ryegrass was harvested 45 and 60 days after sowing......................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132573

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a major nutritional disorder that affects growth and yield in plants. Understanding the responses or damages due to Fe-toxicity may provide useful knowledge to improve tomato varieties. This study investigates the physiological and molecular responses in Fe-toxic tomato plants. The tomato plants were grown in separate hydroponic containers with two concentrations of Fe-EDTA (25 μM and 5 mM) in addition to the other nutrient elements. Fe-toxicity showed a severe reduction in growth parameters, which was accompanied by the increased electrolyte leakage and cell death in tomato...................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.034

Though iron is a rich mineral in soil, its bioavailability for many crops is low. Considering the vital role of iron in all organisms, iron deficiency (ID) is one of the most widespread and common nutritional problem in the world. The hidden hunger caused by ID seriously affects the quality of human life and economic development. As one of the major staple foods, wheat grain is in short of iron as well. Iron absorbing in wheat is mainly through its root by the strategy II which gets iron from the rhizosphere through the release and uptake of Fe-chelating mugineic acid.............read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1276

Iron toxicity that seriously affect rice yield is a critical concern for the crop improvement programs in rice. Morphological analysis of germplasm is essential for the success of varietal crop improvement programs. The objective of this investigation is to estimate the phenotypic diversification of one hundred and fifty germplasm to identify the tolerant genotypes under iron toxic situation for exploitation of inherited variability from the accessible germplasm. Experiment has been carried out under lowland field condition to determine the reaction of rice germplasm under hotspots for iron toxicity. Significant differences among the genotypes have been observed...........read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i1530715

Eichhornia crassipes is a hyperaccumulator of metals and has been widely used to remove metal pollutants from water, but disposal of contaminated plants is problematic. Biochar prepared from plants is commonly used to remediate soils and sequester carbon. Here, the catalytic activity of biochar prepared from plants enriched with iron was investigated as a potentially beneficial use of metal-contaminated plants. In a 30-day hydroponic experiment, E. crassipes was exposed to different concentrations of Fe(III) (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 6 4mg/L), and Fe-biochar (Fe-BC) was prepared by pyrolysis of the plant roots. The biochar was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive...............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.08.004

To enhance breeding efficiency for iron (Fe) toxicity tolerance and boost lowland rice production in sub-Saharan Africa, we have characterised the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of contrasting rice varieties to excess iron. Here, we report the capacity of four varieties (CK801 and Suakoko8 (tolerant), Supa and IR64 (sensitive)) to oxidise iron in the rhizosphere and control iron-induced oxidative stress. The experiments were conducted in hydroponic conditions using modified Magnavaca nutrient solution and 300 ppm of ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) supplied in the form of FeSO₄. Severe oxidative..........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1071/fp19054

Iron toxicity stress is one of the most important constraints to rice production in Togo. Although several methods were explored to control this stress, the best one is still the genetic control through the use of tolerant or resistant varieties. Our hypothesis is that African’s rice, Oryza glaberrima, accessions contain sources of tolerance or resistance to the iron toxicity stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the level and the structure of the African’s rice, Oryza glaberrima, genetic diversity and to identify tolerant genotypes. Two hundred and four (204) accessions obtain from Africa Rice genebank and eight control varieties were evaluated under iron toxicity conditions using alpha lattice design with three replications. There was significant variability among accessions for...................read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.03.p1851

Adoption of rice varieties that perform well under high iron-associated (HIA) stress environments can enhance rice production in West Africa. This study reports the genetic characterization of 323 rice accessions and breeding lines cultivated in West Africa using genotyping-by-sequencing and their phenotypic response to HIA treatments in hydroponic solution (1500 mg l−1 FeSO₄•7H₂O) and hot-spot fields. The germplasm consisted of four genetic subpopulations: Oryza glaberrima (14%), O. sativa-japonica (7%), O. sativa-indica Group 1 (45%), and O. sativa-indica............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa182

The revegetation of mined areas poses a great challenge to the iron ore mining industry. The initial recovery process in degraded areas might rely on the use of Fe-resistant grasses. Tropical grasses, such as Paspalum densum and Echinochloa crus-galli, show different resistance strategies to iron toxicity; however, these mechanisms are poorly understood. The Fe-resistance mechanisms and direct iron toxicity as a function of root apex removal were investigated. To achieve this purpose, both grass species were grown for up to 480 hr in a nutrient solution containing.........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.10.005

Sustainable agricultural practices are in high demand taking into account the environmental pollution and toxicity generated by commercial fertilizers. In order to address such a specific issue, herein, we propose iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) as a suitable alternative to commercially available iron-salt based fertilizers. Being a micronutrient, an excess or deficiency of iron creates toxic response within plant systems. Taking this great challenge in hand, we deliberately applied FeNPs within the mung bean plant taken as a model plant system. FeNPs showed great promise in enhancement of morphological attributes and pigment..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EN00559E

Although iron oxide occurs naturally in the environment, iron oxid nanoparticles have distinct mobility, reactivity, and toxicity, which can harm the human health and nature. This scenario has motivated the investigation of the toxic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (akaganeite predominance + hematite) on the aquatic plant Lemna Minor. First, nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized; then, different iron oxide NP concentrations were added to Lemna Minor culture. After 7 days, all the Lemna minor leaves died, irrespective of the added NP concentration............read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-019-05713-x

Plant extracts from rosemary (RE), green tea (GTE), and maté (ME) were compared for the protection against iron-induced oxidation in porcine homogenates at total phenolic concentrations from 25 to 250 ppm. Lipid oxidation as indicated by TBARS was in all cases sufficiently suppressed, especially for RE. Hydrophobic RE retarded overall oxidation in the homogenates with an inverted dose-dependent response. Optimum delay of oxygen consumption was found at the lowest concentration applied, similar to protection against thiols and formation of protein..........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125030

Iron (Fe) is a micronutrient that plays an important role in agriculture worldwide because plants require a small amount of iron for its growth and development. All major functions in a plant’s life from chlorophyll biosynthesis to energy transfer are performed by Fe (Brumbarova et al., 2008; Gill and Tuteja, 2011). Iron also acts as a major constituent of many plant proteins and enzymes. The acquisition of Fe in plants occurs through two strategies, i.e., strategy I and strategy II (Marschner and Römheld, 1994). Under various stress conditions, Nramp and the YSL gene families help in translocation of Fe, which further acts as a mineral regulatory element and.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00086

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a major nutritional disorder of plants and affects rice yield and production in rainfed and irrigated lowland rice grown in acid soils. Rice plants are reported to have exclusion and inclusion adaptation strategies for preventing damage from excess Fe. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the Fe toxicity response and the identities of the genes involved remain largely unknown. To reveal these mechanisms, we exposed rice plants to different levels of ferrous (Fe2+) excess treatment for 14 days and analyzed their growth, bronzing score, and mineral concentrations. Then, gene expression patterns in various tissues (roots, discrimination center [DC], stems, old leaves [OLs], and newest leaves [NLs]) in response to different levels of Fe excess (×1, ×10, ×20, ×50..........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2018.1443754

One of the industrial pillars of Espírito Santo state, South East of Brazil, is iron-mining products processing. This activity brings to a high level of coastal pollution due to deposition of iron particulate on fragile ecosystems as mangroves and restinga. Schinustherebinthifolius (aroeira) is a widespread restinga species. This work tested iron toxicity alleviation by vermicompost humic substances (HS) added to aroeira seedlings in hydroponic conditions. Catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase are antioxidant enzymes that..........read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-018-1193-1

Iron toxicity frequently affects lowland rice and leads to oxidative stress via the Fenton reaction. Tolerance mechanisms were investigated in contrasting genotypes: the intolerant IR29 and the tolerant recombinant inbred line FL483. Seedlings were exposed to 1000 mg L-1 ferrous iron, and the regulation of genes involved in three hypothetical tolerance mechanisms was investigated (I) Iron uptake, partitioning and storage. The iron concentration and speciation in different plant tissues did not differ significantly between genotypes. Sub-cellular iron partitioning genes such as vacuolar iron transporters or ferritin showed no........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12733

Heavy metals naturally present in soils usually result from human activities such as agricultural practices, mining, automobile, sewage processing, and metal industries. Higher concentrations of these metals in surrounding environment showed toxic effects on plants and animals. Heavy metals entered in soil-plant environment through various anthropogenic activities are taken up and accumulated in various plant parts. Higher concentrations of these metals showed toxic symptoms in plants. Heavy metals at higher dosage negatively affect plants physiological, morphological, and biochemical traits. On the other hand, plants used different.......................read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58841-4_13

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a wide spread stress in low land rice production. The aim of this study was to differentiate between responses to acute Fe stress during the vegetative stage and chronic Fe stress throughout the growing period. Methods Six rice genotypes were tested in a semi artificial greenhouse setup, in which acute (almost 1500 mg L−1 Fe in soil solution during the vegetative stage) and chronic (200to300mgL−1 Fe throughout the season) Fe toxicity were simulated. Results Acute Fe stress induced early..................read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-016-2918-x

Phytate, the storage form of P in seeds, is not well digested by monogastrics, thereby contributing to micronutrient deficiency, decreased feed efficiency, and environmental pollution. This research was aimed at developing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based genetic linkage map and mapping genomic regions associated with phytic acid- phosphorus (PA-P) concentration using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (PR-15) derived from a cross between a low phytate (low phytic acid [lpa]) mutant pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotype, 1-2347-144, and a normal phytate cultivar CDC Meadow. A total of 163 RILs were genotyped............read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2014.08.0544

The objective of this presentation will be to demonstrate how the combination of invitro screening and an animal model can be extremely useful to develop and monitor Fe-biofortified crops, and evaluate meal plans in advance of human studies to determine if the crop is adequately biofortified with Fe prior to expensive human testing. Methods: In recent years much has been learned about how to properly screen varieties of staple food crops to improve the Fe content and bioavailability. Research has shown that simply measuring..............read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/EJNFS/2015/20920

Pre-Roman Iron Age (ca. 500–1 BC) occupation was revealed at the site of Bäljars 2 in SW Finland. Archaeobotany, charcoal analysis, and geochemistry were applied to the samples gathered at the site. The results suggest habitation, storage, agriculture, fire- keeping, and plant gathering at the site during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. By that time, the Lepinjärvi basin was surrounded by rich local flora and served as an excellent node of communication with both overseas regions and the interior of Finland.........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2014.10.003

A number of invasive plant species, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, have been documented to be able to accumulate trace metal elements in their tissues. Since metal accumulation in plants can serve as a defence against herbivores, we hypothesized that metal pollution will increase herbivore resistance of metal-accumulating invasive plant species and such a benefit will grant them a competitive advantage over local co-occurring plants. In this study, we compared the differences in plant growth and herbivore feeding preference between A.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.14747

The plant Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. has been used in a preliminary study to investigate its phytoremediation potential in moderately and heavily Cd-polluted Greek soils. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out using four soil treatments, two from agricultural and two from urban areas, contaminated with 3 and 30 mg of Cd per kg of soil. The modified Bureau of Community Reference (BCR) fractionation method was used to determine Cd levels in the soil fractions. The water-soluble, available-DTPA extractable, total and pseudo-total concentrations.........read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41207-023-00430-x

This review gathered and analyzed data about (i) the Cd-induced impacts on seed germination and seedling vigor, and (ii) the use of different priming agents to mitigate Cd-induced impacts on the early plant development. Critical evaluation of the obtained data revealed intriguing results. First, seeds of diverse species can endure exposures to Cd. Such endurance is exhibited as maintenance of or even improvement in the seed germination and vigor (up to 15% and 70%, respectively). Second, the main factors influencing seed tolerance to Cd toxicity are related to temporal variations in anatomical, physiological, and/or biochemical features...........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130813

Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a serious risk to human health and ecological security. Bioremediation can be a promising and effective remediation technology for treating Cd contaminated soils. In this study, seven heterotrophic strains were isolated from Cd contaminated soil and 7 autotrophic strains were isolated from acid mine drainage. Cd removal efficiencies were compared after leaching with autotrophic bacteria (Attsys), heterotrophic isolates (Htt-sys) and cooperative leaching systems (Cosys) in laboratory agitating reactors. The results i dicated that Cd removal efficiency of Co-sys (32.09%) was significantly higher than that of Att-sys...........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03935g

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant. Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population. For crops, Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism, inhibiting plant growth and development. However, plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms, including restricted Cd uptake..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60002-9

The impact of two strains of Pseudomonas bacteria and natural zeolite on the growth and elemental composition of barley plants was studied in an agrogray soil (Luvisol) artificially contaminated with cadmium in pot experiments. Application of P. fluorescens 21, or P. putida 23, or zeolite eliminated the heavy metal toxicity for plants. The cumulative effect of co-application of P. fluorescens 21 and zeolite was insignificant. The bacteria- or zeolite-mediated plant tolerance to cadmium was attributed to the enhanced root system development............read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1064229320060113

We conducted a study to evaluate the interactive effect of NO and H₂S on the cadmium (Cd) tolerance of wheat. Cadmium stress considerably reduced total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and ratio of Fv/Fm by 36.7, 48.6, 26.7 and 19.5%, respectively, but significantly enhanced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA), endogenous H₂S and NO, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H₂S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13012

Cadmium is a non-essential trace metal, which is highly toxic to nearly all living organisms. Soil pollution causes Cd contamination of crops, thereby rendering plant products responsible for the chronic low level Cd over-exposure of numerous populations in the world. For this reason, Cd accumulation in plants has been studied for about five decades now. The research first focused on the relationships between plant and soil Cd levels, on the factors of the metal availability in soil, as well as the root uptake processes. Cd distribution in plant organs was also investigated, first using a macroscopic and eco-physiological approach..........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.118054

Using king grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. × Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) for phytoextraction is a promising technology for producing large amounts of biomass fuel while remediating contaminated soil. To assess the practical phytoextraction capacity of king grass, we conducted a field experiment with three different soil types (loam, sandy loam, clay loam) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg kg⁻¹, aged stably for 6 years). King grass were harvested at two different periods (elongation and maturity) to identify the optimal harvest time for extraction efficiency...........read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-09844-4

Two pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of intercropping cadmium (Cd) accumulator plants (Stellaria media (L.) Villars, Cardamine hirsuta, Cerastium glomeratum Thuill, and Galium aparine L.) and applying their straw on the growth and Cd accumulation of Brassica chinensis L. Intercropping with four accumulator plants reduced the biomass, water content, and photosynthetic pigment content of B. chinensis compared with monoculture. Intercropping with accumulator plants increased the Cd content in the roots and shoot of B. chinensis, and the translocation factor (TF), root bioconcentration factor (root BCF).........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09148-7

Heavy metal pollution has long been a major environmental problem, and threatens all living forms globally. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the nonessential, highly toxic environmental pollutants worldwide that causes deleterious effects and serious problems in agriculture. Plants growing in Cd-contaminated soil uptakenthe heavy metal through their roots, which accumulates in different organs, eventually reducing plant growth and productivity. Bioaccumulation of high concentrations of Cd in plants enters the food chain and affects both animals and humans...........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814864-8.00001-2

Cadmium (Cd) pollution of the soil is an important global environmental issueowing to its great toxicity. The study of metal isotope fractionation is a novel technique that could be used to identify and quantify metal uptake and transport mechanisms in plant. In this study, cadmium tolerant Ricinus communis and hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum have been cultured in different Cd concentration nutrient solutions. The Cd isotope values, metal elements concentrations in the organs (root, stem and leaf) in the two plant species have been measured.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.003

Phytoremediation is an alternative method for restoring soils polluted with heavy metals which is cost-effective and environment-friendly. The present study evaluated the potential of Ipomoea asarifolia to remediate soils experimentally-amended with Cadmium. The plant was grown on soils amended with 0, 1500, 2000, and 2500 mg CdCl2 salt. The salt was mixed with small portions of the soils and made upto 3kg salt/soil mixtures each. These were applied into 4 separate polythene-pots labelled; A, B, C and D respectively. Sample A containing 3kg non-amended soil (without Cd) served as the control. The concentrations of Cd applied to............read more.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i2.9

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in river sediments becomes increasingly serious, and phytoremediation has been used to remediate Cd contaminated sediments, but the remediation efficiency needs to be improved. In this study, tea waste derived biochar (TB) was used to facilitate the phytoremediation of Cd contaminated sediments. Results showed that TB at 100, 500 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ increased Cd accumulation and translocation in ramie seedlings by changing Cd speciation in sediments and altering the subcellular distribution of Cd in plant cells..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.215

Several sulfur compounds are thought to play important roles in the plant tolerance to cadmium (Cd), but the role of inorganic sulfide in Cd tolerance remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that Cd exposure increased the accumulation of soluble sulfide in Arabidopsis plants. When exogenous sulfide, in the form of NaHS, was foliarly applied, Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress were alleviated. In addition, although the foliar application of sulfide.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.245

Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the role of selenium in alleviating cadmium stress in Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. Cadmium (150 mg L^-1) treatment caused a significant reduction in growth in terms of height and biomass accumulation and affected chlorophyll pigments, gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Selenium (10 µM) application mitigated the adverse effects of cadmium on growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, leaf relative water content, and other physiological attributes. Lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage increased because of cadmium treatment and selenium-treated plants............read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00709-017-1162-4

Sedum alfredii is one of a few plant species known to hyperaccumulate cadmium (Cd). Uptake, localization, and tolerance of Cd at cellular levels in shoots were compared in hyperaccumulating (HE) and nonhyperaccumulating (NHE) ecotypes of Sedum alfredii. X-ray fluorescence images of Cd in stems and leaves showed only a slight Cd signal restricted within vascular bundles in the NHEs, while enhanced localization of Cd, with significant tissue- and age-dependent variations, was detected in HEs. In contrast to the vascular-enriched Cd in young stems, parenchyma cells in leaf mesophyll, stem pith and cortex tissues served as terminal storage sites..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx112

We have studied the influence of pretreatment of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) with 50 μM salicylic acid (SA) on plant resistance to subsequent action of 1 mM cadmium acetate. SA pretreatment decreased the extent of detrimental effect of cadmium on wheat plants, as judged by the decline in the level of stress-induced accumulation of MDA and electrolyte leakage. Furthermore, SA-pretreatment contributed to maintenance of growth characteristics of wheat seedlings at the level close to the control under stress conditions and to acceleration of growth recovery during post-stress period. Detected defense effect of SA may.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.08.002

As a result of rapidly increasing anthropogenic activities, input of varied metal (loids) such as cadmium (Cd) to worldwide agricultural soils and its subsequent accumulation, and obvious toxicity in plants are increasing. The role of mineral nutrients in the mitigation of Cd-accrued consequences in plants has been credibly suggested. In isolated studies, two essential mineral nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) have been reported to minimize Cdimpacts in plants, and improve overall plant growth, metabolism and productivity under Cd-exposure. However, the information on the significance of N and S metabolism, and also on cross-talks on..............read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10725-015-0071-9

In an experiment to detect the cellular changes of carbohydrate content and its related enzymatic activities, a study was undertaken with Marsilea minuta L., an aquatic fern species in simulated condition of cadmium (Cd) toxicity. From the varying doses of Cd (0, 50, 100 and 200 μM) and supplemented with spermidine (2mM), it revealed that plants were suffered from accumulation of total carbohydrate in a dose-dependent manner under Cd stress.........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112467

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that enters the environment through various anthropogenic sources, and inhibits plant growth and development. Cadmium toxicity may result from disturbance in plant metabolism as a consequence of disturbance in the uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients. Plant nutrients and Cd compete for the same transport-ers and, therefore, presence of Cd results in mineral nutrients deficiency. The optimization of mineral nutrients under..........read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.4236/AJPS.2012.310178

The occurrence of heavy metals in soils may be beneficial or toxic to the environment. The biota may require some of these elements considered essentials (like Fe, Zn, Cu or Mo) in trace quantities, but at higher concentrations they may be poisonous. Due to the difficulty in controlling environmental metal accumulation, organisms have to cope with exposure to unwanted chemical elements, specially those considered biologically nonessential. Cadmium (Cd) belongs to this latter group. The effect of Cd toxicity on plants has been largely explored regarding inhibition...........read more.

Abiotic stress is greatly associated with plant growth inhibition and redox cell imbalance. In the present work, we have investigated in which way oxidative posttranslational modifications (PTM) of proteins related to cell cycle may be implicated in post-germinative root growth reduction caused by cadmium, by methyl viologen (MV) and byhydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in wheat seedlings. Although cadmium is considered a redox inactive metal, reactive oxygen species were detected in the apex root of metal-treated seedlings. Oxidative stress............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.008

Growth and pollutant removal by emergent wetland plants may be influenced by interactions among mixed pollutants in constructed wetlands. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to investigate interactive effects of cadmium (Cd) × polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) × plant treatments on growth of Juncus subsecundus, Cd and PAH removal from soil and the total number of microorganisms in soil. Growth and biomass of J. subsecundus were significantly influenced by interaction of Cd and PAHs, significantly decreasing with either Cd or PAH additions,...............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.007

The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solarium lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 μmol/L CdCl₂ associated to different concentrations of ZnCl₂(10, 50, 100, and 150 μmol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cd-treated plants had significantly higher activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60415-9

Pesticides are commonly found in the environment and pose a risk to target and non-target species; therefore, employing a set of bioassays to rapidly assess the toxicity of these chemicals to diverse species is crucial. The toxicity of nine individual pesticides from organophosphate, organochlorine, phenylurea, dinitroaniline, carbamate, and viologen chemical classes and a mixture of all the compounds were tested in three bioassays (Hydra vulgaris, Lemna minor, and Caenorhabditis elegans) that represent plant, aquatic, and soil-dwelling species, respectively. Multiple..........read more.

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-024-32444-5

Organochlorine pesticides have been extensively used for many years to prevent insect diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.), but little is known about thMycoremediation with mushroom growth substrates can be used for the recovery of mixed contaminated soils due to the benefits derived from the physicochemical characteristics of the substrates, the activity of extracellular enzymes secreted by the fungi, and the presence of the fungal mycelia. The objective of this work was to assess the potential of Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus growth substrates (inoculated mushroom substrates vs. spent mushroom substrates) for the mycoremediation of soils co-contaminated with lead and lindane.............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138538

Organochlorine pesticides have been extensively used for many years to prevent insect diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.), but little is known about their residual impacts on the underground micro-ecology in anaerobic environment. In this glasshouse study, we characterized the lindane effects on the assembly of root-associated microbiomes of commonly used indica, japonica and hybrid rice cultivars, and their feedback in turn, in modifying lindane anaerobic dissipation during 60 days' rice production. The results showed that rice growth inhibited the anaerobic dissipation of lindane, but was not affected apparently by lindane at initial..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104975

This work attempts to clarify the remediation processes involved in the treatment of soil spiked with non-soluble species like lindane. To achieve this goal, the remediation of spiked soil is evaluated coupling electro-kinetic soil flushing (EKSF) with three types of permeable reactive barriers (PRB) which consist of soil merged with nanoparticles of ZVI (n-ZVI), granular particles of ZVI (m-ZVI) or granular activated carbon (GAC). Likewise, the effect of reverse polarity in EKSF will be assessed. Results show that, for a given electric field applied, the...............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122674

Lindane is a highly chlorinated and recalcitrant insecticide, capable to accumulate in soil and groundwater. Despite lindane has been banned in many countries, numerous sites still remain contaminated. The present work studies the bioremediation of soils of different textures contaminated with lindane by bioaugmentation with a quadruple Streptomyces consortium. In the three evaluated soils, silty loam soil (SLS), sandy soil (SS), and clayey soil (CS), heterotrophic microbial populations increased during the 14 days of the assay and CFU counts were higher in bioaugmented than in non-bioaugmented soils. Lindane removal............read more

DOI:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42729-018-0003-7

This review describes the biodegradation of Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCH) from the diverse sources. Environmental degradation of γ-HCH has been described in terms of integrated biological approaches such as metagenomics, cloning, phytoremediation, nanobiodegradation, and biosrfactants, genes and enzymes responsible for γ-HCH degradation and exploration of new strains of γ-HCH-degrading microbes from different environmental sources. Metagenomics-based approaches help in the identification....................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-018-0213-9

The biomixture is the major constituent of a biopurification system and one of the most important factors in its efficiency; hence the selection of the components is crucial to ensure the efficient pesticides removal. Besides, bioaugmentation is an interesting approach for the optimization of these systems. A mixed culture of the fungus Trametesversicolor SGNG1 and the actinobacteria Streptomyces sp. A2, A5, A11, and M7, was designed to inoculate the biomixtures, based on previously demonstrated ligninolytic and pesticide-degrading activities and the absence of antagonism among the strains. The presence of lindane and/or the inoculum in the..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.011

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of lindane-degrading yeast on the growth and lindane uptake by Saccharum sp., in doped garden soils. The rhizosphere of Saccharum plant was amended with yeast Candida VITJzN04 by root-inoculation. The bio-augment yeast was applied in two different forms viz., planktonic form and cells immobilized on sugarcane-bagasse, in the pot experiments. Garden soils (lindane∼100 mg/kg) exposed to various treatments were monitored for a period of 30 days, for residual lindane by gas-chromatography analysis. The lindane-removal rates in soil were expressed in terms of half-life period...............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.006

The goal of presented work is the development phytoremediation method targeted to cleaning environment polluted with organochlorine pesticides, based on joint application of specially selected plants and microorganisms. Initial degradation of pesticides carry out by microorganisms; the forming dehalogenated products easily uptake by the plants and undergo oxidative degradation via plant detoxification enzymes. This approach can complete degradation of toxicants and..............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.07.007

Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) is an organochlorine pesticide recently included in the Stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants for global elimination. However, India is still allowed to use Lindane for combating vector borne diseases. Because of its large scale utilization during the last few decades, Lindane residue is reported from almost all agricultural soils of India. So there is an immediate need to monitor the accumulation of Lindane residue in crop plants growing in contaminated systems and suitable strategies...............read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.056

Remediation and management of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) contaminated soil is becoming a global priority as they are listed in the Stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for global elimination. Lindane is a OCPs candidate recently included in the Stockholm list. However, India has an exemption to produce Lindane for malaria control. Because of its widespread use during the last few decades, Lindane contaminated soils are found in almost all parts of India. Since phytoremediation is widely acknowledged as an innovative strategy................read more.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.036